Types of Environmental Engineer

Environmental engineers are most concerned with the effects of technological advances on the environment. Hazardous-waste treatment is a significant issue needing regulation which these engineers can design and help implement through laboratory and legal avenues.

Worldwide issues in the environmental engineer's expertise include everything from farm runoff to ozone depletion, and all of the water sources in between. Today's engineers often further their education with specialized training in law and use legal paths to access routes to improvement. The study and practice of environmental engineering are as broad as the elements that make up the Earth.

Schools of engineering can vary in their requirements but are also quite similar. Typically, a university offers the CEE (civil and environmental engineering) degree, and a B.S. in environmental engineering (BS EnvE). The curriculum provides students with the fundamentals to address emerging issues with air and land resources, human health, water, and environmental restoration.

All prerequisites must be satisfied before graduating with a B.S. The B.S. EnvE degree requires acceptable letter grades in math, physics, chemistry, and COE.

Students seeking specialized graduate degrees in environmental engineering have four basic choices. Those wanting a career that does not require research can get a master of engineering (M.Eng.) degree. For a master of science (M.S.), students must complete a thesis research project showing their increased knowledge. The Ph.D. degree (doctor of philosophy) is awarded for expertise in research, and the D.Eng. (doctor of engineering) degree awards combined technical expertise with management skills.

There are online schools for B.S. degrees in engineering, but they are not reviewed here. The many laboratory components of engineering studies may not be available online; careful attention should be given to selecting an institution.

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Doctorate Degrees in Electrical Engineering

Some B.S. graduates seek postgraduate degrees such as master's (M.Eng./M.Sc.) or doctorate degrees (Ph.D./Eng.D.) in engineering. B.S. and master's degrees consist largely of coursework and research. Doctorate degrees focus mainly on research and often open doors to university research and teaching.

Universities with strong engineering departments offer graduate degrees and specialized certificates as well as teaching and research opportunities.

As with other engineering degrees, the bachelor's degree is based on laboratory and fieldwork not possible online. There is online access to master's degrees at some schools.

Arizona State University's MSE in electrical engineering offers online studies in solid-state electronics, power electronics, mixed-signal integrated circuit design, communications, and signal processing. Online master's-level courses are also available from several other schools of engineering.

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Computer Engineering Education

 

Computer Engineering degrees are available at all education levels: undergraduate, master’s and doctorate (PhD). Most undergraduate Computer Engineering programs allow you to specialize along one of several tracks because the entire career field is simply too broad to cover in an undergraduate program.

As you progress in your Computer Engineering career, you’ll be able to study increasingly complex topics in hardware and software systems. Occupying the top tier of Computer Engineering jobs are professionals with vast experience designing the overall system to control things like a passenger airliner, the International Space Station, or a nuclear power plant.

Computer Engineering requires a combination of skills from other engineering disciplines, and most colleges will require the same courses as prerequisites for their degrees. You’ll likely study mathematics up through Calculus, basic software programming, physics and electronic or electrical engineering basics.

Once your prerequisite courses are completed, you start the heart of the curriculum in Computer Engineering. In your upper level courses, you’ll learn how computer-controlled systems are designed from the bottom up. Microprocessor design, firmware creation and circuit boards are just a few of the topics you’ll study. The creation of a single computer is just the beginning. Advanced courses in Computer Engineering teach the techniques for integrating large numbers of computers into complex networks capable of solving massive computational problems.

There are many delivery methods for studying Computer Engineering. There are over 150 universities that offer an undergraduate program, and most top-tier state and private colleges offer Master’s and PhD programs also. You might also pursue a Computer Engineering degree with any of the reputable online colleges.

An undergraduate Computer Engineering degree typically takes four to five years to complete. A Computer Engineering Master’s Degree will normally be completed in two years on a full-time basis, and a doctorate can easily take three years to complete.

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Prerequisites for a B.S. in Civil Engineering

Schools of engineering can vary, but as a rule their requirements are similar. Universities of engineering typically offer the CEE (civil and environmental engineering) degree, and a B.S. in environmental engineering (BS EnvE). The curriculum gives students the fundamentals to address emerging issues regarding air and land resources, human health, water, and environmental restoration.

During the first 2 years, studies include English composition, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and introductory engineering. Advanced engineering courses in the third year including solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and laboratories in engineering materials, hydraulic engineering, and environmental monitoring and process engineering.

Student electives are the central focus of fourth-year studies. All prerequisites must be met before receiving a B.S. Acceptable letter grades in math, physics, chemistry, and COE are required for the B.S. EnvE degree.

A typical curriculum for a B.S. in engineering covers a 4-year study agenda. Students who attend school full-time and are successful with their classes can expect to graduate in 4 years. Below you will find a sample of the curriculum from UC Berkley.

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Chemical Engineering Education

 Aside from the standard 4-year-degree courses, there are degrees with emphasis on environmental, biochemical, or materials engineering. Environmental studies prepare engineers to work on waste minimization, pollution control, and waste management. Biochemical studies prepare students to enter the biochemical industry, and support a strong pre-med program.

Materials engineering incorporates chemistry and applied physics, with interest in the atomic and molecular levels of materials. Emphasizing these areas requires a slightly heavier course load. On graduating, students are traditional chemical engineers as well as specialists.

Beyond receiving a B.S. in chemical engineering, students can pursue other graduate degrees. The master's degree (M.Sc.) for chemical engineering is the next level, and generally requires 5 quarters of study. Typically, a university will allow no more than 3 years for the completion of this degree, and a grade point average of 3.00 is required.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) studies prepare graduates to take active parts in the ever-changing field of chemical engineering. A Ph.D. can access all levels of industrial and research organizations such as national laboratories or university teaching.

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Masters of Biomedical Engineering

Master's degrees in biomedical engineering are encouraged, and generally require five more quarters of study, but options are becoming available. Colorado State University (CSU) and Duke University, for example, offer cutting-edge approaches to dual-degree coursework.

CSU's dual-degree biomedical engineering bachelor's program coursework focuses on improving health, fighting disease, and aiding those with disabilities. The master's strengthens experience in the sciences, and animal and human medicine. Earning two degrees in 5 years is an excellent beginning to a successful career as a biomedical engineer.

Duke's BME combines hands-on experience with interdisciplinary research in the detection and treatment of human disease. Many undergraduates are involved in independent-study research.
After earning their 4-year B.S., most students earn a master's in less than 2 years and a Ph.D. in less than six.

Georgia Tech's Master of Biomedical Innovation and Development (BioID) is another example of collaborative instruction between biomedical technology and hands-on experience.
This degree addresses a gap in current education—the “bench-to-bedside” progression that takes products from research to patients.

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Automotive Engineering Degrees

Bachelor’s Degree

Because not many schools offer a bachelor’s degree program in automotive engineering, most aspiring automotive students enter a mechanical engineering program. This is because automotive engineering is an offshoot of mechanical engineering and therefore, many of the classes are the same. However, some schools offer mechanical engineering programs that include automotive engineering courses such as:

• Automobile dynamics
• Automotive electronics
• Engine parts
• Diesel engine theory
• Alternative energy sources
• Fuel cell systems
• Powertrain dynamics

It usually takes four years to complete a bachelor's degree in engineering. During the last year, the student must finish a design project, either alone or with other students. After graduation, the new engineer must work under the supervision of a licensed professional engineer for a certain number of years, depending on the state, and pass and Engineer-In-Training exam and Professional Engineers exam to become a licensed professional engineer.

Master’s Degree

A master's degree in automotive engineering is not necessary to work in the field, but such a degree will give students specialized automotive engineering knowledge and skills. Moreover, master's degree programs offer research opportunities for students. It takes about two years to complete a master's degree program in automotive engineering.

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Bachelor of Science in Audio Engineering

Both the Associate and Bachelor degrees require a minimum of a high school diploma, a GED certificate, or the equivalent. Different schools, particularly those offering Bachelor programs, may also have specific requirements for placement tests or minimum scores for standard college entrance tests, like the SAT or ACT. In addition to the school standards, strong math skills, a good grasp of music, and an understanding of technology are all beneficial skills in pursuing this course of study.

Master's programs are available to those that desire to extend their education in very specific areas of the industry. These programs provide an intense study of a particular area of interest, like game design, music, acoustics, or recording

Audio engineering degrees require a blend of music, business, and technical classes. Music fundamentals, acoustics, and theory are some of the music classes that are included in the degree. The technical and business courses encompass recording production, audio signal processing, mixing, editing, digital sound design, live sound production, and studio operations.

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Applied Engineering Additional Resources

 A Bachelor’s Degree is required by employers to receive a job offer from a firm to work as an applied engineer. This course of study explores the application of principles regarding the design, and creation of products and systems within a manufacturing context. Programs delve into issues as quality control, project management, systems integration and manufacturing processes as well as strive to refine critical-thinking and problem-solving capacities. Students take classes in the basics of production planning, materials science, and personnel safety. To assume management positions with some firms, advanced degrees such as a Master’s or Ph.D. may be required. Holders of advanced degrees also have the credentials to teach at the university level. From a business perspective, those seeking executive roles should work to develop their acumen in budget management and negotiation, as they will be asked to broker deals with suppliers and other assets. Superb oral and written communication skills, as well as leadership abilities, are highly coveted.

The Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering has developed congresses and resources to enhance the visibility of the field and equip practitioners with the latest knowledge and best practices in the industry. Like this organization, the Technology Student Association (TSA) and the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) offer resources and materials to candidates in the field, including a library of publications, news and technological innovations. These associations work to provide rich mentoring and networking opportunities for members and aspiring candidates to enter and/or advance in the field. At the university level, students capitalize on alumni networks and on-campus recruiting efforts made by leading firms to fulfill their talent needs. Companies such as IBM, Ingersoll Rand, General Mills and CoreComm are a sampling of the firms who have acquired new personnel through these avenues. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects a gradual decline in the employment prospects for these types of professionals, as manufacturing activities fall within the United States. O*Net reports that these professionals earn a yearly salary of $60,560.

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Masters of Agricultural Engineering

The master of agriculture gives students management-oriented graduate training. Emphasis is on problem solving through science and technology—not research. Problem-solving capabilities must be demonstrated, usually through an internship that provides practical experience. These candidates prepare a professional paper on a problem-solving accomplishment.

Graduate degrees in food engineering/technology through distance learning are available as are online graduate programs and courses. Online studies for B.S. degrees are not possible due to the required laboratory studies and fieldwork.

Standard B.S. degrees in agricultural engineering take about four years to complete, but students who want to add to their major or minor studies can take extend the journey. A master's degree generally adds another 12-18 months—time well invested.

Food will always be a growing commodity (no pun intended). Jobs for these engineers are found on farms, in manufacturing plants, equipment design, food production, animal production facilities, laboratories, construction, government systems that protect soil and water, and in biofuels engineering—worldwide (for the traveler in you) and just for starters.

These engineers are part of the leadership that help conserve, maintain, and improve our natural resources and environment. These employees will provide engineering assistance to his or her team, field office personnel, and landowners with planning, developing, and constructing on-farm conservation practices and irrigation projects statewide.

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Bachelor of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering

There are only a handful of universities accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology in the United States that offer aerospace engineering degrees. Aerospace engineers take two years of calculus, differential equations, physics and chemistry and two years of engineering coursework. Aerospace engineering students can expect to see the following engineering courses in their university's curriculum:

• Statics
• Dynamics of aerospace systems
• Control of aerospace systems
• Aerodynamics
• Thermodynamics
• Flight software systems
• Aerospace instrumentation and experimentation
• Aerospace structures
• Aircraft flight dynamics
• Space flight dynamics
• Vibration and elasticity
• Aircraft propulsion and power
• Space navigation and guidance
• Space propulsion and power
• Aeronautical systems design
• Space systems design

In terms of career choices, the aerospace field is projected to grow 5% between 2010-2020 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Aerospace engineering majors can choose variety of career paths, including positions in scientific research, engineering design and development, field service, management, marketing, software development and teaching.

The two main branches of aerospace engineering degrees are aeronautics and astronautics. Some universities have curriculum's that embrace both areas, while others separate the two fields and offer degree programs in either aeronautics or astronautics. Aerospace engineering majors should be prepared to engage in a significant amount of actual design and implementation in addition to coursework.

In addition, students should seriously consider learning Russian, Japanese or German because many people of these nationalities are deeply involved in the development of spacecraft components.

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Salary and Career Resources for Acoustical Engineers

The Technology Student Association (TSA), and the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), provide members and interested parties with comparable tools and information to enhance their value in the contemporary marketplace. All of these institutions publish recent research and logistics regarding industry events and resources to the further refine the prowess of practitioners.

Students and job seekers particularly benefit from involvement with these groups, as the institutions provide invaluable networking and mentoring opportunities for individuals to develop relationships with potential employers and their contemporaries in the field. Esteemed firms such as Boeing, Procter & Gamble, and Universal Studios have sought candidates through these avenues. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the job growth projections for acoustical engineers remains strong through 2020, where hiring is projected to grow by 10 percent. The states of California, Texas and Michigan possess the greatest opportunities for professionals. While exact statistics on the median salary of these professionals is unavailable, O*Net reports that electrical engineers of the same background command a yearly salary of $89,180.

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Earning Your Vehicle Engineering Degree

Very few U.S. universities offer official degrees in vehicle engineering, and thus most practitioners in the field elect to study mechanical engineering. A Bachelor’s Degree is required as a minimum qualification for securing employment in the field. Many mechanical engineering programs integrate courses in automotive electronics and power systems into their curriculum. Students aspiring for the academic certification should demonstrate a strong interest and capacity in math and science courses such as calculus, physics, and more importantly computer science, as most vehicles and systems are based on digital platforms. Students who embark upon advanced education at the graduate level have the skills and training to thrive in the global marketplace. Professionals with Master’s degrees and/or Ph.D.’s have focused their efforts on hybrid electric automotive technology and systems cases. Furthermore, they have the ability to assume senior executive positions within their firms, while others branch out to begin their own ventures. Engineers with this level of academic and professional experience also teach college students. Other skills that have proven to serve aspiring candidates well include strong problem-solving skills, superb written and oral communication capacities, multitasking, budget management, team-building, and social skills, as well as independent judgment.

Professionals in this field have been integral in developing the hybrid electric car technology that has transformed the automotive industry. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides a bevy of resources for current and aspiring engineers in the field. Moreover, the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), furnish professionals and students with transformative knowledge and tools to embolden their ability to thrive as technology and techniques evolve. There are regular updates on news in the industry, events, seminars and educational conferences to enhance and develop the skills of the community. In addition, professionals capitalize on networking and mentoring opportunities as well as recruiting efforts from major corporations like Ford Motor Co. and General Electric. Based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the employment opportunities for these engineers is expected to grow through the year 2020 by 9 percent. The U.S. cities with the most opportunities and highest salaries for these professionals are Detroit and Auburn Hills, Michigan. 

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Academic Preparation for Transport Engineers

A Bachelor’s Degree is required by employers to secure a position in the industry. Undergraduate students complete classes in design, land development, traffic systems, safety analysis and mass transit, in addition to more general courses in physics and calculus. At the Master’s level, students undertake coursework in construction techniques, risk analysis, soil mechanics, risk modeling and facility design, while Ph.D. candidates perform work in demand forecasting, probability, freight design, and urban planning. Firms often require advanced degrees to undertake positions of senior management. Ph.D. students have the credentials to teach at the university level, while other advanced students may elect to start their own consulting firms to service larger institutions in the industry. Aspiring business executives should work to develop their negotiating, management and leadership capacities. Often, they will demonstrate superb written and oral communication skills in negotiating, making presentations, and directing human assets in an endeavor.

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Applied Thermal Engineering Degrees

 A range of private enterprises actively seek to add thermal engineers to their organizations. From technology firms and automotive companies to utility power firms, the skills of a thermal engineer are sought to deliver efficient solutions to energy problems. Specifically these companies integrate engineers into projects such as refining power converters and circuit breakers; overseeing thermal design projects including analysis and manufacturing integrity; collaborating with manufacturing groups and vendors internally and externally to manage a product development cycle; and analyzing risks and opportunities with a given product or system. Traditionally, these professionals are required to travel to various locations for in-person consultations and evaluations of a facility or project. More senior professionals who assume management roles are required to recruit and manage teams of engineers in bringing to fruition a project within a designated corporate budget. Communication and people skills, of course, are a vital asset for professionals in this capacity. Global corporations such as Google, General Motors, Duke Energy, and Apple are a few of the firms seeking thermal engineers of various backgrounds to lead and execute their industry initiatives.

Though most universities in the United States do not offer formal degrees in thermal engineering, most candidates find employment with a Bachelor’s Degree in mechanical engineering. This level of education is required by employers in the industry. In this course of study, students complete coursework in thermodynamics, computer science and kinetics. Those students who elect to pursue more advanced study in the field at the Master’s and Ph.D. level access career opportunities in advanced research, design and quality control. Coursework at the Master’s level explore theory in heat transfer and mechanics rooted in computer modeling and smart materials that respond to temperature change. Doctoral students embark upon classwork in granular flows, electronics architecture, data storage solutions, as well as material innovation, whereby they assume titled roles like consultant analyst, heat engineer and quality assurance manager. These highly trained professionals are actively recruited by federal organizations like the U.S. Department of Energy and the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency in order to teach both graduate and undergraduate students at esteemed universities around the world. Candidates are served by also developing broader skills in terms of written and oral communication, leadership, negotiating, multitasking as well as team-building and management capacities.

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Academic Requirements for Structural Engineers

Employers require structural engineers to have a college degree in the discipline or comparable areas such as civil engineering. Most professionals have acquired a Master’s Degree or even a Ph.D. to distinguish themselves in the marketplace. Undergraduate students complete coursework in materials, algorithms, design and mechanics, among other concepts. Advanced academic training in the field facilitates a candidate’s ability to receive management positions in the industry as well as university teaching roles. At the Master’s Degree level, students complete classwork in advanced materials design principles, structural mechanics and seismology. For Ph.D. students, coursework includes classes in computer modeling, advanced renovation and restoration as well as risk analysis.

Organizations such as Structural Engineers Association, the Structural Engineering Institute, and the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) are a few of the organizations dedicated to fostering the development of professionals in the field. They organized congresses throughout the world to educate and bring together professionals in the industry to trade knowledge and share opportunities and best practices, thereby expanding the breadth and awareness around the industry. Moreover, they feature digital libraries of materials, including journal publications and links to online resources that enhance the toolbox of practitioners. Affiliated organizations like the

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Software Engineering Education

Software Engineering degrees are available at the undergraduate, master’s, and doctorate (PhD) levels. As you move up in a Software Engineering career, increasing your education level will allow you to tackle ever more complex systems. At the pinnacle of Software Engineering are people that design the systems behind well-known technological marvels from the Space Shuttle to Google’s databases.

Prerequisites

Most colleges require similar courses as prerequisites for their Software Engineering programs. You’ll normally be expected to study mathematics up through Calculus, basic computer programming, and cross-discipline engineering basics. You’ll also take courses in computer algorithms and system documentation methods prior to moving on to the core Software Engineering program.

Undergrad

Once your undergraduate prerequisites are met, you start taking classes in Software Engineering. This is where you gain cutting-edge expertise in skills like requirements identification, system design, software integration and software testing methodologies. During this coursework, you’ll learn how modern software systems are designed and implemented.

There are an incredibly complex number of variables when engineering software components, and a Software Engineering degree provides the educational foundation you need to be productive in the field.

There are numerous avenues for studying Software Engineering. Virtually every major university offers this as an undergraduate major, and many larger colleges offer Master’s and PhD programs as well. You can also get a Software Engineering degree through many of the top online colleges.

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Prerequisites for Petroleum Engineering

This curriculum combines college-level mathematics with basic sciences, developing a working knowledge of thermodynamics, material properties, fluid mechanics, material strengths, transport situations, and phase behavior (what to expect from resources when working with them).

Students develop competence in well design and analysis, drilling procedures, and evaluation of subsurface geology. They design and analyze systems that produce, inject, and handle fluids, optimizing resource development and management, using reservoir engineering principles and practices. They are proficient with project economics and resource valuation practices for decision-making under risky and uncertain conditions.

Topping off this degree is a design experience, preparing students for engineering practice, using the knowledge and skills acquired in their coursework.

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